Computer hardware setup

COMPUTER HARDWARE

1. What is Computer?

 Ans: Device which store data, process data, access data according to users need.

Computer = Hardware + Software

2. What is Hardware?

Ans: Physical components of computers.

3. What is Software?

Ans: Logical components of computers.

4. How Computer works?

Input Devices	Process Devices	Output Devices
Keyboard	Mother Board	Monitor
Mouse	Memory	Printer

5. SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

-          It can call as a power house of computer.

-          It reduces the amount of voltage. (220VAC to 12VDC)

(AC = Alternate Current / DC = Direct Current)

6. Mother Board / Logic Board / System Board

-          Mother Board gets the power supply from SMPS.

-          Other devices get the power supply from mother board.

-          Mother Board contents other devices.

7. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

-          Brain of the Computer

-          It Control all devices.

8. Ports and Connectors

i) VGA Port: - 15 pin port arranged in 3 rows to connect monitor (CRT- Cathode Ray Tube Monitor)

15 Pin VGA Port

         

ii) DVI Port: - 24 pin port arranged in 3 rows to connect LCD monitors (LCD – liquid Crystal Display – Lab top Monitor)

24 Pin DVI Port

iii) PS2/Port –

-          Used to connect PS/2 mouse and PS/2 keyboard                                                             

6 Pin PS/2 Port

                                                                                                                                                                           

iv) Serial Port / COM Ports: -                                                                                       

-          9 pin connector is used to connect serial mouse and 25 pin connector is used to connect serial printer, scanner & external devices.                                      

-          Port which allow only one bit at a time.                                               

-          Used to connect communication device. (COM Port – Communication Port)

v) USB Port –

-          It supports 127 devices can be connect in to the USB port. Basically there two USB ports. They are: -

a.       USB 1.1 – speed is 12mbps

b.       USB 2.0 – speed is 480mbps

USB Port

 

vi) Parallel Port / Printer Port / LPT Port (LPT = Line Printer) –

-          Port which allow one byte at a time.

-          25 pin female port to connect printer, scanner & external devices.

25 Pin Parallel Ports (Female)

               

vii) Game Port –

-          15 pin female connector arranged in 2 rows to connect joystick.

	15 Pin Game Ports (Female)

 

               

viii) Key Board Port –

-          5 Pin DIN Connector

5 Pin DIN Connector

                 

9. Opening BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

®     Immediately after power on press the associated key.

Desktop PC:        F2, F2+DELETE

Laptop: F1, F2, CTRL+ESC, F2+DELETE

®     Import BIOS setting

1. Date and time: - If date and time is always shown incorrectly it means we need to change CMOS battery.

2. Integrated Ports: - If necessary we can enable/disable any built in ports of motherboard. Example: Audio, LAN, USB, Serial, and Parallel.

3. Drive setting: - After connecting hard drives, CD/DVD drives BIOS will auto-detect them. After assembling a new computer we need to confirm whether these devices are shown in BIOS.

4. Boot sequence/ Boot device priority

·         This is the order in which BIOS will search for a boot device to load OS

·         When installing fresh OS we need to set 1^st boot device as DVD/Pen drive and second boot device as hard disk.

5. Security Password:

                a. Supervisor password: - BIOS only

                b. User password: - Full security

®     To reset password

Method 1: - Switch off system, remove all power cables and remove battery for a few seconds and reconnect. All BIOS settings will be reset.

Method 2: - Switch off replace BIOS jumper on motherboard from normal to recovery and switch on.

-          BIOS will auto open and we can set new password

-          Save and switch off replace jumper to normal

6. Save and Exit (F10)

7. Exit without Saving (ESC)

v  Date and time: - standard BIOS features

v  Integrated peripherals – enable/disable

v  Boot device priority >Advance BIOS features -1^st boot device – enable/disable

v  BIOS Security: - Load fails defaults -> Automatic setting. And Load optical

10. Operating System installation (Vista, 7, 8, 10)

Step1. Go to BIOS and set first boot device CD/DVD, Pen drive and second boot device Hard disk.

Step2. Press any key to boot (5 second)

-          Language

-          Time and currently

-          Keyboard (US)

-          Click next

-          Select window edition (Home, Pro, enterprise etc.)

Step3: Window KO lagi minimum 10 GB compulsory.

-          Create required number of partitions

-          Select C: drive and next.

-          Use expression setting.

11. Device driver Installation: -

®     After installing OS we need to install device drivers.

®     To check driver status > right click on computer icon and select manage from list select device manager

®     If a device name shows yellow exclamation mark it means we need to install its driver. (Drive pack solutions)

®     Driver manager

®     Setting Export mode.

12. Ultra ISO:

®     This is used to create copies of CD/DVDs

®     This image can later disk’s

®     Before burning we can also add extra files

Step to make Image

Step1: Insert original DVD

Step2: Open ultra ISO

Step3: Select making CD/DVD image

Step4: Select location to save file.

Step5: select type of image file (recommended ISO)

Step6: Click on make.

Steps to burn Images

Step1: Insert blank CD/DVD

Step2: Open Ultra ISO

Step3: Select file > Open > Open Image file to burn

Ste4: If necessary add files

Step5: select tools > burn CD/DVD Image

Step6: Select speed > click on burn.

12. Download RUFUS 2.5 Pen drive bootable:

13. VMWARE: -

®     This is used to create virtual computers

®     A virtual computer is a logical computer that run’s within a host OS

®     A virtual computer can be installed with any OS as required by user.

®     It can be used for many purposes such as application testing, network testing, to make multiple server is a single computer, easy multi booting software: - Virtual 1Box, Virtual PC, Hyper V.

Steps of create Virtual machine:

Step1: Create a new virtual machine

Step2: Typical select >Next >

Step3: Select installer disk Image > click on browser > Select image file > Open > Next.

Step4: Give a name and select location to save.

Step5: Give size for hard disk (Minimum 10 GB)

               Store virtual disk as a single file

Step 6: Finished

                (One window to another window to free the mouse CTRL+ALT key press)

Online drive installation:-

Google Search > Online drp

Website: http://drp.su/

14. System Properties: - write click on my computer select properties

®     It will display general information about system such as OS version, CPU, RAM and windows activation status.

®     Select advanced system setting

®     a) computer name tab

®     Here we can see the current name of computer

®     We can set a description about use of computer.

®     To give a new name > click on change > give a name > ok> ok> restart on a computer.

®     B) Hardware: -

®     This will allow us to open device manager

®     Also we can set automatic driver installation.

®     C) Remote: -

®     Here we can enable or disable remote desktop and remote assistance

®     D) advanced tab

®     Here we can set settings for performance.

®     We can also change virtual memory setting.

®     Virtual Memory: -

®     This is a file in hard disk that will function like RAM

®     When settings virtual memory minimum size = physical Memory *1.5

®     Max size = Physical memory*3

®     Only one virtual memory is required.

15. System protection: -

®     This is used to create system restore point

®     Restore point will create a backup of all current system settings and it can be later used to restore computer to a working state setting > copy

16. Computer Management: -

1. Task scheduler

®     This can be used to run selected programs automatically at the set date and time.

Step1: Create basic Task

Step2: Given name > Mohan > Next

Step3: select required timing

Step4: Start program

Step5: Windows system32 calc.exe > next > finish.

17. Local users and groups: -

1. Local users:-

®     Here we can create user accounts and user groups User accounts

®     It is a combination of a name and password used for security

Three types of users exist in windows: -

i. Administrator

ii. Standard

iii. Guest

®     to create a standard user right click on users folder > new user

®     give a user name, full name and description

®     give password and confirm it

®     set my required account option

®     click on create

®     To make user as administrator

Step1: open properties of user account

Step2: select member of tab

Step3: click on Add > type administrators > Ok

Step4: select users from list and remove >ok

 2. Users groups: -

®     It is used to organize users according to department

®     Also allows us to easily apply security settings

®     Right click on groups > new group > give name

®     Click on add > type username to make member > Ok > create.

18. Disk management: -

®     This can be used to create/ delete/ format divers

®     To create a new drive there must be a free space

®     Also we can change drive letter names

®     We can also create mounted volumes

19. Command Prompt DOS (Disk Operating System)

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

CUI (Character User Interface)

CCI (Command Line Interface)

Run>cmd>Enter.

1. dir: - this is used to view all items in current location

Syntax: dir >Enter

to view in page wise order

Syntax: dir/p>Enter

to view according to name

Syntax: dir_w*>Enter

to search according to file extension

Syntax: dir_*.exe

to view hidden items

Syntax: dir/ah>Enter

cls>Enter – clean screen

2. cd (change directory)

This is used to open or close folders

Syntax: cd_foldername>Enter

To close folder

Syntax: cd…>Enter

To close all open folders at once syntax: cd\ [enter]

3. md

Used to create new folders

Syntax: md_ “foldername” [enter]

4. copy con

This is used to create new text files but can’t be used to edit

Syntax: copy_con_name.txt [Enter]

To save press F6 [Enter]

5. type

This is used to open and view text files

Syntax: type_filename [Enter]

6. edit command

This can be used to create new text files and also to edit them

Syntax: edit_filename.text

7.ren

It is used to rename file or folder

Syntax: ren_current name_new name

8. del

It is used to delete files only

Syntax: del_file name

9.rd

It is used to delete folders only

Syntax: rd_file name

Is a folder has files inside

Syntax: rd_filename_/s

10. move

Used to cut/paste from one location to another location

Syntax: move_filename_location

11. attrib

This is used to change file attributes

+ Means enable

-          Means disable

H – hidden, S – system, R  read only

To make file (folder as hidden

Syntax: attribute_th_filename

To unhide

Syntax: attrib_ -h-filename

13. +h+s file name -> hidden files

14. Shutdown

r-restart, l – logoff, S – shutdown

syntax: shutdown=s

shutdown cancle – a

15. help

This will display list of DOS command

16. Exit,date, time, color, format

Syntax: format_drive

e.g.: format_drive

17. ./?

This will display help for specific commands

20. Group Policy: -

Run > gpedit.msc > [Enter]

-          This can used to lock certain parts of OS from users.

1. hiding drivers: -

-          Open administrative templates folder.

-          Open windows components

-          Select file explorer folder or window explorer

-          From list open hide list these specified in my computer.

-          Select enabled > select drive >Enter.

2. lock drives in my computer

-          Prevent access to drives from my computers

-          Enabled select C: drive > Enter.

        3. disabling DOS

-          Admin >system > prevent access to command prompt >Enter

-          Select enable click >Enter

4. Control panel lock

-          Control panel >pronibit access to control panel and PC setting

-          Select enabled click ok.

5. Desktop lock.

-          Admin > desktop> hide an disable all items on the desktop.

-          Select enabled > Ok.

6. Disable Run command

-          Admin > start menu and taskbar

-          Remove run menu from start menu.

-          Select enabled > ok.

7. Disabling task manager

-          System > CTRL+ALT+DEL

-          Remove task manager

-          Select enabled >Ok.

8. RSOP(resultant set of policy

-          This will show all enabled group policy settings

-          Run>rsop.msc>ok.

21. NTFS (New Technology File System) Features: -

1. Compression (WinZip, winrer, 7zip):

Steps:

A: open properties of file /folder

B: select advanced

C: select option to compress> ok>ok

Note: don’t compress C: drive, because then OS will not load.

2. Encryption: -

-          This is used to lock our files/folders

-          Only the user who has locked it can open it

Note: administrator user can decrypt any users file /folder

Steps

A: open properties of file/folder

B: select advanced

C: select option to encrypt> ok> ok

3. Disk quota: -

-          This is used to limit the amount of free space that users can access in a drive.

-          Open properties of drive

-          Select quota> show quota setting

-          Enable quota management

-          Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit.

-          Select default quota limit for new users.

4. NTFS file/folder permissions: -

®     Permissions have a allow and deny setting

®     Permissions can be assigned to users or groups

®     Permission can be set by administrator and owner of file/folder

Types of permissions:

a. Read: - this will only allow user to open and view. User cannot edit or delete.

b. read and execute: - this will allow user to open and run program only. User cannot delete.

c. write: - User can create new files and edit them. User cannot edit or delete files which belong to other users.

d. modify: - User can create, edit and delete all files/folders. User cannot change permissions.

e. Full control: - this will allow user to perform all actions and also user can also change permissions.

f. list folder contents (folder only): - this will allow user to browse into subfolders only. Always negative takes over positive setting. Any permission given to applied to all subsystem also in case of folders.

Steps:-

1. Open properties of folder and file.

2. Select security tab >Edit

3. Click on add type user name or group name.

4. Set required permission.

5. System tools: -

1. Task management: - [CTRL+SHIFT+ESC]

- This can be used to view currently running programs and we can also manage them.

- We can set CPU affinity to control how many cores of CPU will run a program (temporary).

- We can check system performance CPU usage and RAM usage.

- We can manage startup programs.

2. Disk management tools: -

a. Check disk: - This sill scan file system trouble for errors and it will automatically repair them.

b. defragmenter: - This will try to arrange fragmented files in hard disk to speed up read process. It is recommended to run this at least once a month.

3. Disk cleanup: - This is used to search and delete unnecessary files include temporary installation files temporary internet files, etc.

Start > Programs> Accuracies >tools – search box [disk cleanup]

4. PSR (Problem Screen Recorder): -

Run > PSR

5. WinRAR: - (3^rd part application): - this is used to compress files/foldeers.

Steps:

1. Right click and file /folder and select add to archive automatic

2. Select compression method. (Fast, normal, best)

3. Lock to archive

4. Free from create 5FX archive

5. Password set > Advanced >set password >ok.

21. System maintenance: -

1. Registry editor: - This will allow us to backup and restore windows registry.

                Open Run > type regedit >ok.

2. Backup file: -

- Select file menu.

- Select location give a name > Save.

- Backup copy > Import.

3. System protection: -

                Right click on the computer icon to select properties >ok.

4. Backup and restore: - This will create a full image of C: drive which will contain all files of the drive. This will allow us to restore OS, drivers, applications and users filed in one step.

Steps:

1. Open control panel.

2. Select backup and restore

3. Create a system image

4. Select location to Save and click next >ok.

22. Hiren Boot 15.2

1. Image backup: -

®     Open mini windows.

®     Open HBCD menu.

®     Open program > Backup > Ghost > Ghost32

®     Select local > part ion > To Image

®     Select system reserve drive and C: drive.

®     Select location to save Image.

             

             2. Password reset: -

®     Open mini windows

®     Open HBCD menu.

®     Select program > password/keys >Active password changes.

®     Select next > next > User name > Save.

                

            3. Driver backup: -

®     Open windows

®     Insert hiren boot DVD

®     Open DVD

®     Open HBCD menu.cmd

®     Programs > Device driver > Double driver (Backup)

®     Select Backup

®     Scan current system

®     Backup now

®     Select location > ok.