COMPUTER HARDWARE
1. What is Computer?
Ans: Device which store data, process data,
access data according to users need.
Computer = Hardware + Software
2. What is Hardware?
Ans: Physical components of
computers.
3. What is Software?
Ans: Logical components of
computers.
4. How
Computer works?
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Input Devices
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Process Devices
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Output Devices
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Keyboard
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Mother Board
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Monitor
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Mouse
|
Memory
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Printer
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5. SMPS
(Switch Mode Power Supply)
-
It can call as a power house of computer.
-
It reduces the amount of voltage. (220VAC to
12VDC)
(AC = Alternate
Current / DC = Direct Current)
6. Mother Board / Logic Board
/ System Board
-
Mother Board gets the power supply from SMPS.
-
Other devices get the power supply from mother
board.
-
Mother Board contents other devices.
7. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
-
Brain of the Computer
-
It Control all devices.
8. Ports and Connectors
i) VGA
Port: - 15 pin port arranged in 3 rows to connect monitor (CRT- Cathode Ray
Tube Monitor)
ii) DVI Port: - 24 pin port arranged in 3 rows to connect LCD monitors
(LCD – liquid Crystal Display – Lab top Monitor)
iii)
PS2/Port –
-
Used to connect PS/2 mouse and PS/2 keyboard
iv) Serial Port / COM Ports: -
-
9 pin connector is used to connect serial mouse
and 25 pin connector is used to connect serial printer, scanner & external devices.
-
Port which allow only one bit at a time.
-
Used to connect communication device. (COM Port – Communication Port)
v) USB Port –
-
It supports 127 devices can be connect in to the
USB port. Basically there two USB ports. They are: -
a.
USB 1.1 – speed is 12mbps
b.
USB 2.0 – speed is 480mbps
vi) Parallel Port / Printer Port / LPT Port
(LPT = Line Printer) –
-
Port which allow one byte at a time.
-
25 pin female port to connect printer, scanner
& external devices.
25 Pin Parallel Ports (Female)
|
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vii) Game Port –
-
15 pin female connector arranged in 2 rows to
connect joystick.
|
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15 Pin Game Ports (Female)
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viii) Key Board Port –
-
5 Pin
DIN Connector
9. Opening BIOS (Basic Input
Output System)
®
Immediately after power on press the associated
key.
Desktop PC: F2, F2+DELETE
Laptop: F1, F2,
CTRL+ESC, F2+DELETE
®
Import BIOS setting
1. Date and
time: - If date and time is always shown incorrectly it means we need to change
CMOS battery.
2. Integrated
Ports: - If necessary we can enable/disable any built in ports of motherboard.
Example: Audio, LAN, USB, Serial, and Parallel.
3. Drive
setting: - After connecting hard drives, CD/DVD drives BIOS will auto-detect
them. After assembling a new computer we need to confirm whether these devices
are shown in BIOS.
4. Boot
sequence/ Boot device priority
·
This is the order in which BIOS will search for
a boot device to load OS
·
When installing fresh OS we need to set 1st
boot device as DVD/Pen drive and second boot device as hard disk.
5. Security
Password:
a. Supervisor password: - BIOS
only
b. User password: - Full
security
®
To reset password
Method 1: -
Switch off system, remove all power cables and remove battery for a few seconds
and reconnect. All BIOS settings will be reset.
Method 2: -
Switch off replace BIOS jumper on motherboard from normal to recovery and
switch on.
-
BIOS will auto open and we can set new password
-
Save and switch off replace jumper to normal
6. Save and
Exit (F10)
7. Exit without
Saving (ESC)
v
Date and time: - standard BIOS features
v
Integrated peripherals – enable/disable
v
Boot device priority >Advance BIOS features
-1st boot device – enable/disable
v
BIOS Security: - Load fails defaults ->
Automatic setting. And Load optical
10. Operating System
installation (Vista, 7, 8, 10)
Step1. Go to
BIOS and set first boot device CD/DVD, Pen drive and second boot device Hard
disk.
Step2. Press any
key to boot (5 second)
-
Language
-
Time and currently
-
Keyboard (US)
-
Click next
-
Select window edition (Home, Pro, enterprise
etc.)
Step3: Window KO
lagi minimum 10 GB compulsory.
-
Create required number of partitions
-
Select C: drive and next.
-
Use expression setting.
11. Device driver
Installation: -
®
After installing OS we need to install device
drivers.
® To
check driver status > right click on computer icon and select manage
from list select device manager
® If
a device name shows yellow exclamation mark it means we need to install its
driver. (Drive pack solutions)
® Driver
manager
® Setting
Export mode.
12. Ultra ISO:
®
This is used to create copies of CD/DVDs
®
This image can later disk’s
®
Before burning we can also add extra files
Step to make
Image
Step1: Insert
original DVD
Step2: Open
ultra ISO
Step3: Select
making CD/DVD image
Step4: Select
location to save file.
Step5: select
type of image file (recommended ISO)
Step6: Click on
make.
Steps to burn
Images
Step1: Insert
blank CD/DVD
Step2: Open Ultra
ISO
Step3: Select
file > Open > Open Image file to burn
Ste4: If
necessary add files
Step5: select
tools > burn CD/DVD Image
Step6: Select
speed > click on burn.
12. Download RUFUS 2.5
Pen drive bootable:
13. VMWARE: -
®
This is used to create virtual computers
®
A virtual computer is a logical computer that
run’s within a host OS
®
A virtual computer can be installed with any OS
as required by user.
®
It can be used for many purposes such as
application testing, network testing, to make multiple server is a single
computer, easy multi booting software: - Virtual 1Box, Virtual PC, Hyper V.
Steps of create Virtual machine:
Step1: Create a new virtual machine
Step2: Typical select >Next >
Step3: Select installer disk Image > click on
browser > Select image file > Open > Next.
Step4: Give a name and select location to save.
Step5: Give size for hard disk (Minimum 10 GB)
Store
virtual disk as a single file
Step 6: Finished
(One window to another window to
free the mouse CTRL+ALT key press)
Online drive
installation:-
Google Search
> Online drp
14. System Properties: - write
click on my computer select properties
®
It will display general information about system
such as OS version, CPU, RAM and windows activation status.
®
Select advanced system setting
®
a) computer name tab
®
Here we can see the current name of computer
®
We can set a description about use of computer.
®
To give a new name > click on change >
give a name > ok> ok> restart on a computer.
®
B) Hardware: -
®
This will allow us to open device manager
®
Also we can set automatic driver installation.
®
C) Remote: -
®
Here we can enable or disable remote desktop and
remote assistance
®
D) advanced tab
®
Here we can set settings for performance.
®
We can also change virtual memory setting.
®
Virtual Memory: -
®
This is a file in hard disk that will function
like RAM
®
When settings virtual memory minimum size =
physical Memory *1.5
®
Max size = Physical memory*3
®
Only one virtual memory is required.
15. System protection: -
®
This is used to create system restore point
®
Restore point will create a backup of all
current system settings and it can be later used to restore computer to a
working state setting > copy
16. Computer Management: -
1. Task scheduler
®
This can be used to run selected programs
automatically at the set date and time.
Step1: Create basic Task
Step2: Given name > Mohan > Next
Step3: select required timing
Step4: Start program
Step5: Windows system32 calc.exe > next > finish.
17. Local users and groups: -
1. Local
users:-
®
Here we can create user accounts and user groups
User accounts
®
It is a combination of a name and password used
for security
Three types of users exist in windows: -
i. Administrator
ii. Standard
iii. Guest
®
to create a standard user right click on users
folder > new user
®
give a user name, full name and description
®
give password and confirm it
®
set my required account option
®
click on create
®
To make user as administrator
Step1: open properties of user account
Step2: select member of tab
Step3: click on Add > type administrators > Ok
Step4: select users from list and remove >ok
2. Users groups: -
®
It is used to organize users according to
department
®
Also allows us to easily apply security settings
®
Right click on groups > new group > give name
®
Click on add > type username to make member
> Ok > create.
18. Disk management: -
®
This can be used to create/ delete/ format
divers
®
To create a new drive there must be a free space
®
Also we can change drive letter names
®
We can also create mounted volumes
19. Command Prompt DOS (Disk
Operating System)
GUI (Graphical
User Interface)
CUI (Character
User Interface)
CCI (Command
Line Interface)
Run>cmd>Enter.
1. dir: - this
is used to view all items in current location
Syntax: dir
>Enter
to view in page
wise order
Syntax:
dir/p>Enter
to view
according to name
Syntax:
dir_w*>Enter
to search
according to file extension
Syntax:
dir_*.exe
to view hidden
items
Syntax:
dir/ah>Enter
cls>Enter –
clean screen
2. cd (change
directory)
This is used to
open or close folders
Syntax:
cd_foldername>Enter
To close folder
Syntax:
cd…>Enter
To close all
open folders at once syntax: cd\ [enter]
3. md
Used to create
new folders
Syntax: md_
“foldername” [enter]
4. copy con
This is used to
create new text files but can’t be used to edit
Syntax:
copy_con_name.txt [Enter]
To save press
F6 [Enter]
5. type
This is used to
open and view text files
Syntax:
type_filename [Enter]
6. edit command
This can be
used to create new text files and also to edit them
Syntax:
edit_filename.text
7.ren
It is used to
rename file or folder
Syntax: ren_current
name_new name
8. del
It is used to
delete files only
Syntax:
del_file name
9.rd
It is used to
delete folders only
Syntax: rd_file
name
Is a folder has
files inside
Syntax:
rd_filename_/s
10. move
Used to
cut/paste from one location to another location
Syntax:
move_filename_location
11. attrib
This is used to
change file attributes
+ Means enable
-
Means disable
H – hidden, S
– system, R read only
To make file
(folder as hidden
Syntax:
attribute_th_filename
To unhide
Syntax:
attrib_ -h-filename
13. +h+s file
name -> hidden files
14. Shutdown
r-restart, l –
logoff, S – shutdown
syntax:
shutdown=s
shutdown
cancle – a
15. help
This will
display list of DOS command
16. Exit,date,
time, color, format
Syntax:
format_drive
e.g.:
format_drive
17. ./?
This will
display help for specific commands
20. Group
Policy: -
Run >
gpedit.msc > [Enter]
-
This can used to lock certain parts of OS from
users.
1. hiding
drivers: -
-
Open administrative templates
folder.
-
Open windows components
-
Select file explorer folder or
window explorer
-
From list open hide list these specified in my
computer.
-
Select enabled > select drive
>Enter.
2. lock drives
in my computer
-
Prevent access to drives from my computers
-
Enabled select C: drive >
Enter.
3. disabling DOS
-
Admin >system > prevent access to command
prompt >Enter
-
Select enable click >Enter
4. Control panel lock
-
Control panel >pronibit access to control
panel and PC setting
-
Select enabled click ok.
5. Desktop lock.
-
Admin > desktop> hide an disable all items
on the desktop.
-
Select enabled > Ok.
6. Disable Run command
-
Admin > start menu and taskbar
-
Remove run menu from start menu.
-
Select enabled > ok.
7. Disabling task
manager
-
System > CTRL+ALT+DEL
-
Remove task manager
-
Select enabled >Ok.
8.
RSOP(resultant set of policy
-
This will show all enabled group policy settings
-
Run>rsop.msc>ok.
21. NTFS (New Technology File
System) Features: -
1. Compression
(WinZip, winrer, 7zip):
Steps:
A: open
properties of file /folder
B: select
advanced
C: select option
to compress> ok>ok
Note: don’t
compress C: drive, because then OS will not load.
2.
Encryption: -
-
This is used to lock our files/folders
-
Only the user who has locked it can open it
Note:
administrator user can decrypt any users file /folder
Steps
A: open
properties of file/folder
B: select
advanced
C: select option
to encrypt> ok> ok
3. Disk
quota: -
-
This is used to limit the amount of free space
that users can access in a drive.
-
Open properties of drive
-
Select quota> show quota setting
-
Enable quota management
-
Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit.
-
Select default quota limit for new users.
4. NTFS
file/folder permissions: -
®
Permissions have a allow and deny setting
®
Permissions can be assigned to users or groups
®
Permission can be set by administrator and owner
of file/folder
Types of
permissions:
a. Read: -
this will only allow user to open and view. User cannot edit or delete.
b. read and
execute: - this will allow user to open and run program only. User cannot
delete.
c. write: -
User can create new files and edit them. User cannot edit or delete files which
belong to other users.
d. modify: - User
can create, edit and delete all files/folders. User cannot change permissions.
e. Full
control: - this will allow user to perform all actions and also user can
also change permissions.
f. list
folder contents (folder only): - this will allow user to browse into
subfolders only. Always negative takes over positive setting. Any permission
given to applied to all subsystem also in case of folders.
Steps:-
1. Open
properties of folder and file.
2. Select
security tab >Edit
3. Click on add
type user name or group name.
4. Set required
permission.
5. System tools:
-
1. Task
management: - [CTRL+SHIFT+ESC]
- This can be
used to view currently running programs and we can also manage them.
- We can set CPU
affinity to control how many cores of CPU will run a program (temporary).
- We can check
system performance CPU usage and RAM usage.
- We can manage
startup programs.
2. Disk
management tools: -
a. Check
disk: - This sill scan file system trouble for errors and it will
automatically repair them.
b.
defragmenter: - This will try to arrange fragmented files in hard disk to
speed up read process. It is recommended to run this at least once a month.
3. Disk
cleanup: - This is used to search and delete unnecessary files include
temporary installation files temporary internet files, etc.
Start >
Programs> Accuracies >tools – search box [disk cleanup]
4. PSR
(Problem Screen Recorder): -
Run > PSR
5. WinRAR: -
(3rd part application): - this is used to compress files/foldeers.
Steps:
1. Right click
and file /folder and select add to archive automatic
2. Select
compression method. (Fast, normal, best)
3. Lock to
archive
4. Free from
create 5FX archive
5. Password set
> Advanced >set password >ok.
21. System maintenance: -
1. Registry
editor: - This will allow us to backup and restore windows registry.
Open
Run > type regedit >ok.
2. Backup
file: -
- Select file
menu.
- Select
location give a name > Save.
- Backup copy
> Import.
3. System
protection: -
Right
click on the computer icon to select properties >ok.
4. Backup and
restore: - This will create a full image of C: drive which will contain all
files of the drive. This will allow us to restore OS, drivers, applications and
users filed in one step.
Steps:
1. Open control
panel.
2. Select backup
and restore
3. Create a
system image
4. Select
location to Save and click next >ok.
22. Hiren Boot 15.2
1. Image
backup: -
®
Open mini windows.
®
Open HBCD menu.
®
Open program > Backup > Ghost > Ghost32
®
Select local > part ion > To Image
®
Select system reserve drive and C: drive.
®
Select location to save Image.
2.
Password reset: -
®
Open mini windows
®
Open HBCD menu.
®
Select program > password/keys >Active
password changes.
®
Select next > next > User name > Save.
3.
Driver backup: -
®
Open windows
®
Insert hiren boot DVD
®
Open DVD
®
Open HBCD menu.cmd
®
Programs > Device driver > Double driver
(Backup)
®
Select Backup
®
Scan current system
®
Backup now
®
Select location > ok.
