BASIC NETWORKING
1. What is a computer Network?
Ans: Two or more computers connected together and sharing resources.
2. What are network resources?
Ans: Any kind of software, hardware or information which can be set with sharing is called network resource. E.g. file/folder, drivers, optical drivers, printer/scanner, internet sharing (modem or router), windows desktop)
3. What is sharing?
Ans: This is the permission given to network users so that they can access our local resources.
4. Types of networks?
Ans: a. LAN: - Local area networks involved around the PC revolution and provide high-speed, fault- tolerant data networks that cover a relatively small geographic area or that is confined to a single building or group of buildings.
b. WAN: - The wide area networks cover broader geographic areas, often using transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies, to interconnect a number of LANs.
c. MAN: - The Special (WAN) can be used to connect number of computers from one location (city) to another city by using microwave transmission.
d. Internet: Public
e. Intranet (Internal network) Private network
f. Extranet (external network (Private network
g. VPN (Virtual Private Network) RRAS (Routing and Remote Access Server)
5. Requirement to create a network
1. Planning and designing
- LAN/WAN
-Number of computers
- Speed
-Model (work group/ domain network)
2. Network devices (Cable, Switch, Router, and Network Card)
3. All compute must be instated with network operating system (NT, 200, 2003, 2008, 2012)
4. All computers must use a common network protocol
i) Topology: - It defines the shape of network. There are two types of topology.
a) Physical topology: - It defines how the network is physically connected.
b) Logical topology: - It defines how communication takes places with the network.
a) Physical topology: -
1. Bus topology: -
Specifications:
i) Speed: 10 Mbps
ii) Cable: RGB/RGB58, connector: AUI/BNC
iii) Number of computers: 100|30
iv) Distance: 500m|200m
2. Ring Topology: -
Specifications:
i) Speed: 10 Mbps
ii) Cable: RGB/RGB58, connector: AUI/BNC
iii) Number of computers: 100|30
iv) Distance: 500m|200m
3. Star Topology: -
Specifications:
Speed: 10/100 |1000 Mbps
Cable: UTP/PTP
Connector: RJ-45
Number of computers: 1024 Per Hub
Distance: 100m computer to switch
4. Wireless: -
5. Mesh Topology: -
1. Bus: - This is the commonly used logical topology
- In this when one computer sends a message it can be seen by all computers but only destination computer will use it.
- If two or more computer were to send a message at once, a collision will occur solving down the network.
2. Ring: - This was used in token ring network.
- In this network a single token is passed among all computers and only computer with token can send.
- This network there are no send.
- In this network there are no collision.
3. Cellular (wireless): - this is same as logical bus but there is no physical connection.
6. Network devices: -
1. Network adapter (LAN and NIC: - All computers must have at least one LAN port (RJ45) Speed (10/100/1000Mbps)
2. Repeater: - It is used to extend distance of a single cable connection.
3. HUB: - This is the central device used in star networks
- It allows us to connect more than two computers.
- It comes according to speed 10/100/1000 Mbps and number of ports.
4. Bridge: - It is used to interconnect hubs.
- It auto store physical address and performs traffic filtering.
5. Switch: - It functions both as hub and bridge.
- It allows us to connect multiple computers and it can also perform traffic filtering using MAC address.
6. Router: - It allows us to inter connect different networks together.
- If performs traffic filtering using logical address.
7. Network Cable: -
1. Coaxial cable: -Used in bus and ring networks.
There are two types
a) RGB (Thick net)
Distance: 500m
Connector AUI (Affachment Unit Interface)
b) RGB58 (Thick net)
Distance: 200m
Connector BNC (British Naval Connectors)
2. Twisted pair cables: - there are two types
a) UTP Unshielded. T. P (Green)
b) STP Shielded. T. P (White)
Category: -
Cat1: 1 Mbps
Cat2: 4 Mbps
Cat3: 10 Mbps
Cat4: 16 Mbps
Cat5: 100 Mbps
Cat5e: 1000 Mbps
Cat6: 4-10 Gbps
3. Coaxial cable: -
® It is used for higher distances
® It transfer data of data from in light signals
® There is no interface
® There are two types:
® SMF – Single Mode Fiber
® MMF – Multi Mode Fiber
® Distance: - 5 km.
8. Crimping/ Clamping: -
® This is the process of connectivity RJ 45 to STP/UTP cables.
® There are methods:
a) Cross over: - This is used when interconnecting same types of devices.
E.g. Computer to Hub
Hub to Hub
Switch to Switch
Switch to Hub
b) Straight through: - This is used when interconnecting different devices.
E.g. Computer to Hub
Computer to Switch
Computer to Router.
1. Cross over to color table: -
Pin | End1 | End2 |
1 | White/Orange | White/Green |
2 | Orange | Green |
3 | White/Green | White/Orange |
4 | Blue | Blue |
5 | White/Blue | White/Blue |
6 | Green | Orange |
7 | White/Brown | White/Brown |
8 | Brown | Brown |
2. Straight through to color table: -
Pin | End1 | End2 |
1 | White/Orange | White/Orange |
2 | Orange | Orange |
3 | White/Green | White/Green |
4 | Blue | Blue |
5 | White/Blue | White/Blue |
6 | Green | Green |
7 | White/Brown | White/Brown |
8 | Brown | Brown |
9. MAC Address (Media Access Control): -
® It is also called hardware/physical address.
® It is a unique 6 byte address located in every network and (LAN/WLAN)
® It allows network cards to be able to send receive data in a network
® Mac is set during manufacturing.
® To view Mac address
Open Dos
Use the following command get mac
00-BC-2F-EG-12-34
IEEE (Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers)
10. IP (Internet Protocol) Address: -
® It is also called logical address
® It is also a unique 32 bit address given to each network computer.
® There are two ways to set IP address: -
a) Manually (Static IP)
b) Automatically through (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Dynamic IP
® There are five classes of IP address:
® Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E.
® Class A, B, C used in networking and class D used for multi cast and E used for research.
® IP is divided into four octets which are separated by dots.
® The class of IP is defined by value given in 1st octet.
® Each class of IP has two parts: Network ID All computers in the same network must have same network ID number and Host ID All computers must have unique host ID number.
Class | 1st octet range | Network ID octet | Host ID octet | No. of Hosts |
A | 1-126 | 1st only | 2nd , 3rd, 4th | 1,67,77,214 |
B | 128-191 | 1st and 2nd | 3rd, and 4th | 65,534 |
C | 192-223 | 1st, 2nd, and 3rd | 4th only | 254 |
D | 224-239 | - | - | - |
E | 240-255 | - | - | - |
11. Steps to set of IP Address: -
Step1: Open control panel.
Step2: Open Network and sharing center.
Step3: Form left panel and select change Adapter Setting
Step4: Open properties of Ethernet (Local area connection)
Step5: From list select Internet protocol (IPv4 and click on properties.
Step6: Select option use the following IP address
Step7: Type required IP and select inside subnet it will be auto set.
Step8: Ok and close.
12. Ipconfig command: - this can be used to view IP address
Syntax: ipconfig [Enter]
Syntax: ipconfig/all [Enter]
13. Ping command: - This is used to check connection between network devices.
Syntax: ping ip address
Example: ping 192.168.o.1 [Enter]
(Note: If we get reply 4 times and loss = 0% then connection is working.
If there is a problem message: destination host unreachable is request timed out.)
Syntax: tracert google.com
14. IP address are divided into two categories
a) Public IP: - These addresses are used in the internet. We have to purchase them.
b) Private IP: - These addresses are free it can only be used to create local network. These addresses cannot be used within internet.
Private IP | Public IP |
Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 | 1-9, 11-126 |
Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 | 128.0.0.0 to 172.32.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 |
Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255, 192.168.255.255 | 192.0.0.0 to 192.167.255.255, 192.169.0.0 to223.255.255.254 |
15. Creating Workgroup network (Peer to Peer): -
1. We need to set a common workgroup name for all computers. (Up to 20 computers)
Steps of create workgroup on network.
Step1: Open computer properties.
Step2: Select advances system setting.
Step3: Select computer name tab click on change.
Step4: Give a name for computer and work group name.
Step5: Click on ok > ok> and restart on computer.
2. We need to change security setting of windows to allow communication.
Steps:
Step1: Open control panel.
Step2: Open administrative tools.
Step3: Open local security policy.
Step4: From left panel open local policies and select security settings.
i) Network access: allow anonymous SID/Name translation (set to enable)
ii) Network access: do not allow anonymous enumeration of SAM accounts (Disable).
iii) Network access: sharing and security model for local accounts (Classic).
3. We need to enable file and printer sharing
Steps:
Step1: Open control panel.
Step2: Open network and sharing center.
Step3: From left panel select change advanced sharing settings.
Step4: turn on network discovery.
Step5: turn on file and printing sharing.
Step6: Save and close.
4. All administrator accounts of all computers must be set with a password. Blank passwords don’t work in networking accessing network computers.
Method1:
a) Open computer icon
b) Open network icon
c) Open required computer name
Method2:
Go to RUN and use following command
Method3:
Go to RUN and use following command
16. Sharing resources: -
Method1:
a) Open properties of folder > select sharing tab.
b) Select advance sharing
c) Select option shares this folder and gives a share name.
d) If necessary give permissions (default setting is read only)
e) Ok > ok.
Method2:
a) Open computer management
b) Open shared folders and right click on shares > select new share.
c) In welcome screen click next.
d) Click on browse and select folder to share.
e) Click next and give a name.
f) Give permission > Finished.
17. Hidden sharing: -
® This is used to hide shared folders.
® This is useful to share folder for private use only.
® When sharing a folder give a $ sign at end of the share name.
® To open a hidden shared folder we need to know its name then go to run.
18. Network drive: - This is used to connect share folder of any network computer.
Step1: Open network.
Step2: Open required computer name.
Step3: right click on the required folder and select map network drive > Finished.
19. Remote desktop connection: -
® This is used to connect to network computers OS and it will allow us to use all files, programs and devices connected to that device.
® In order to connect the remote computer must allow remote desktop connections.
Step1: Open computer properties.
Step2: Select remote setting.
Step3: Allow remote desktop > ok > close.
Steps to connect
- Go to RUN and type mstsc >ok
- Give remote computer IP address or computer name > connect.
- Give user name and password > ok.
20. Printer sharing: -
® Printer device is connected directly to a system which will be called print server.
® The driver software must be installed then we can share it to all other network computers.
Steps:
1. Open control panel.
2. Open devices and printers.
3. Right click on printer and select printer properties
4. Ok > close.
Steps to connect to network printer:
1. Open network.
2. Open print server computer.
3. Open printer name> message to connect select > Yes.
21. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)/ADSL (Advance Digital Subscriber Line) router setup: -
Step1: Make sure we have received Dynamic IP from router.
Step2: Open any browser and address bar type IP of router and press enter.
Step3: To set of internet Quick start.
Step4: PPPoE
VPI: 8, VCI: 81
Step5: SSID (Service set identifier): Wi-Fi name
Encryption: WPA 2
Pre shared key: password
To Wi-Fi password change: Maintainer: User name or password:
22. Steps to create server:
Step1: Install server Operating System.
Step2: Set IP address.
Step3: Give same ID prefer DNS server.
Step4: Start > Administrative tools > Server manager.
Step5: Open Roles > Add Roles.
Step6: Tick to active directory domain services > Add > Next > Next > Install.
Step7: From roles select Active directory domain services.
Step8: Run the active directory domain services installation wizard (dcpromo.exe).
Step9: Welcome screen click next.
Step10: Select create a new domain in a new forest.
Step11: Type the fully domain name [mei.com] > next.
Step12: Select forest functional level > next.
Step13: Domain functional level > next > next > next.
Step14: Directory service password > next > finish > restart computer.
23. Steps to remove servers:
Step1: Run > dcpromo.exe > Ok >next.
Step2: Click tick delete domain >next > next.
Step3: Tick delete all > next.
Step4: Give new password for administrator password > next > next.
Step5: Finish and restart computer.
Step6: Open server manager.
Step7: Roles > Remove Roles.
Step8: Remove.
24. Adding client computers to domain:
Step1: Set IP address > in DNS server give IP of domain controller.
Step2: Open computer properties > Select change setting > select change > give a name for computer > select domain and type domain name > ok.
Step3: Type user name and password server.
Step4: After finished and restart computer.
25. Creating domain user accounts:
Step1: Start > Administrative tools > Active directory users computers.
Step2: Open domain name > select users > right click on users > new > user.
Step3: Give full name and user name > next.
Step4: give password (Capital latter, small latter, number, symbol (minimum 8 characters)
26. Making user as administrator:
Step1: Open active directory users and computers.
Step2: Open properties of user accounts.
Step3: Select member of.
Step4: click on Add (domain administrative)
Step5: From list select domain administrative > Set primary group.
Step6: Select domain users Remove
27. Creating domain user groups:
Step1: Open active directory users and computers
Step2: right click on user folder select group.
Step3: Give a name for group > ok.
Step4: Open group > Members > Add > name.
28. Managing user accounts: - to change user information right click on user account and select properties.
1. General tab:
- First name, last name, email, website.
2. Accounts:
- we can change user logion name.
- accounts expire.
- Log on To: This can be used to control which computer user can login.
- Logon hours: this can be used to control logon timing of user.
29. Home folder: - this is a network drive which is auto connected to any computer that user logon To. This folder is stored in server
Step1: create a folder in server.
Step2: Share this folder and give share permission on and full control.
Step3: Select security > click on edit > Click on Add domain users > give control allow.
Step4: Active directory user and computers.
Step5: Open properties of user accounts.
Step6; Select profile > Connect \\IPAddress or computer name\sharename\%username%
30. Group Policy: - In a domain network we can apply group policy to all client computers from central location (Server).
Step1: Open active directory users and computers.
Step2: right click on domain name > new > organizational unit.
Step3: Give a name > ok.
Step4: Add users to this folder.
Step5: Start > Administrator tools > group policy management.
Step6: Open network name.
Step7: Open domain folder > open domain name.
Step8: Select organizational folder right click and select create a GPO in this domain.
Step9: Give a name.
Step10: Right click and select edit.
31. Rooming profile: -
Steps:
1: Create a folder in a server with any name.
2: Share this folder and give share permissions full control.
3: In security tab add domain users and give full control allow.
4: Open active directory users and computers > Open properties of required user account.
5: Select profile tab.
6: In profile path give location of folder. \\ipaddress\foldername\%useername%.
