1. Data and Data processing:
Data: Data is a collection of Facts and Figures.
Data Processing: Data processing refers to the transformation raw data into meaningful output. There are three types of data processing methods.
1. Manual data processing
2. Mechanical data processing
3. Electronic data processing.
Data processing Cycle:
1. Data Collection
2. Preparation
3. Input
4. Processing
5. Output
Information: It is the processed form of data, which makes some sense and helps in reaching a conclusion. E.g. Time Table, Report card, Phone book etc.
Computer Architecture:
[Processor(CPU)- (Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Register Unit) ⇆ Memory, Input, Output)]
1.2 Hardware: All the physical components of computer system are called hardware. E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, CPU, Scanner, Printer.
Component of hardware:
1. Input device: The device which gives the data/instruction into the machine to process/communicate to obtain result as input. E.g. Keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, light pen, OCR, OMR, MICR, Bar Code Reader, Tracker, Touch pad, Biometric reader, smart card, , web cam, microphone, remote, x-ray, punch card etc.
→ Mouse: It is direct and pointing device. (used only GUI), developed by Douglas Engelbart in 1964.
→ Keyboard: Most common useful input device. developed by Christopher Sholes in 1968.
→ Scanner: drawing or photograph/text to convert it into digital form.
2. Processing device: CPU(Central Processing Unit) is the brain of computer. Heart of computer. It has three unit part section.
i. Control Unit (CU): The Unit controls the operation of all part of computer. nerve center, supervisor, transfer, convert, manage coordinates the different unit.
ii. Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU): Actually processing unit/calculating unit, worker unit, arithmetic operation -, +, *, <, >, + etc.
iii. Memory Unit (MU)/Register/Primary memory: The unit which is used to store data/program/while processing/working on. It is temporary memory.
CPU Machine cycle: (Fetch, Decode, Execute, Store/sequence)
3. Output device: The device gives the processed result. E.g. Monitor, printer, plotter, projector, LCD, COM, speaker. Types of output device: Softcopy and hardcopy.
→ Monitor: It is softcopy output device. developed by Allen B. Dumont in 1920.
→ Printer: It is most common hardcopy output device. It is External output device.
Types of Printer: Impact and non impact printer
i. Impact printer: produce more sound slow printer, Dot matrix and Daisy printer its speed is CPS (character per second)
Line, Drum, Band printer, its speed LPM (Line per minute) use in mainframe computer
ii) non-impact printer: It is fastest printer than other printer E.g. Laser printer, Ink-jet printer, electro static printer. speed measured by PPM (page per minute)
Types of printer based on speed:
i. Character/serial printer: Speed measure in CPS(Character Per Minute), Slow print, E.g. (dot matrix, daisy wheel, golf ball) printer.
ii. Line printer: Used in the mainframe computer, it cannot print /produce graphics/image, speed 200-600 LPM (Line Per Minute), E.g. (band, wheel, chain, drum, cylinder, bar, comb) printer, etc.
iii. Page Printer: Common used printer, one page a time, best quality printer, speed PPM (Page Per Minute), E.g. (laser, ink-jet, thermal, solid ink, LCD/LED) printer.
Plotter: A plotter typically used to print large form graph, maps, engineering drawing, flex board, banners, big poster etc. high quality graphics, used in CAD flex board, poster, banner, CAE print map.
4. Input-Output device: Those device which can accept input and also produce output.
→ Touch screen: give the choose option/ input and output (both operation).
→ Modem: A modem converts the digital signal into the analog (modulator) and convert the analog into digital (demodulator). transmission media/network media. speed of modem is measured in Bound (bit) bit per second. communication channel/phone.
→ Headset: Used in application area of head set of Internet chat.
→ Fax: combination of scanner and printer.
→ Network card (NIC)/LAN card: It is used to link network computer for transmitting data.
→ Sound card/audio card: It is part of computer which manage it's audio input and produce output (audio).
5. Storage device: Computer Memory - Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporary or permanently.
Types of Memory:
Primary Memory: Any component that attach with system board that is called internal memory or the electronic circuit which hold data/ instruction in a computer unit run to be processed. It also called main memory, real memory, online memory. E.g. semiconductor memory (RAM,ROM), Bubble memory, Flash memory.
Internal Memory
A. Volatile memory: Volatile memory is a memory that loses its content when the computer hardware device loses the power/ power off or lost data automatically when power cut off. E.g. RAM, Resister, cache memory, virtual memory.
RAM: Temporary memory it allow read/write operation.
Types of RAM: Static RAM - expensive than DRAM, doesn't need refreshing circuit for rewrite data, faster than other RAM/DRAM.
Dynamic RAM: Cheap and slow SRAM, need refresh.
Cache memory: Faster memory than RAM and ROM but slow than Resister, types of cache (L1-L6), fastest is L1.
Virtual memory: It is method of illusion physical memory/ secondary memory.
B. Non- volatile memory: The contents of memory can't be lost/don't lose automatically when power off. E.g. ROM, Flash memory etc.
ROM: The code instruction written in ROM is called Firmware, fixed memory, program only manufacture time & it allow read only.
Types of ROM:
i) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): - also called blank chip, write once time ROM, fixed memory.
ii) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) :- reprogrammable chip/ROM, user can program many times/erase and write that, high voltage.
iii) EEPRPM(Electrically Alterable Programmable ROM) :- reprogrammable chip with electric charge, it is also called flash memory (BIOS).
iv) EAPROM (Electrically Alterable Programmable ROM) : - store the CMOS setting, it can change by electrical current charge , but change one bit at a time.
v) Flash Memory (BIOS) : - Firmware: A program is store write in ROM chips, combination of hardware and software it is accessible during booting, it holds large amount of data.
Secondary Memory: Data, program and information are permanently store, outside of mother board, system board with cable. E.g. Punch card, paper tape, magnetic tape,, flash drive, floppy disk, hard disk, zip disk, pen drive, super disk, CD, DVD, magnetic, optical disk, MO disk, Blu ray disk (random, direct access).
Hard Disk: made with metallic oxide in both side, faster and more space than floppy, developed by IBM team and Reynold Johnson at 1956.
Zip disk size: 100 MB, 250 MB and than 750 MB.
Floppy disk size: It can store Minimum 360 KB and Maximum store 1.44 MB.
CD (Compact Disk): Build by James Russel (1965),CD have 680 MB - 700 MB, direct random access.
DVD (Digital Video Disk) : made in 1995 by Philips company , DVD have 4.7 GB space, random/direct access.
6. Port: This is interacting point of two points. It connects point of computer and other device, such as CD ROM, Modem, Printer, Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard, Peripheral device.
Types Of Port:
i) Serial Port: modem and oldest mouse, 1 bit at a time, 9 pin 25 pin (two types), speed 115 KB per second.
ii) Parallel Port: female port in computer, 25 holes/pin and used to connect printer, scanner port printer.
iii) IEEE port: Faster than serial port, 8 bit at a time.
iv) PS/2 Port: It is used to connect old computer mouse and keyboard.
v) USB (universal serial bus): It was introduce in 1997, plug and paly interface, automatic run drive, support 127 type device, speed 12 Megabit per second.
vi) VGA port: Connect monitor to computer video card, 15 holes, serial port it has holes.
vii) LPT port(line printer port): speed 8 bit at a time.
viii) SCSI port (Small computer system interface): scanner, USB, Zip drive connects, type (SCSI 1,SCSI 2,SCSI 3), speed: SCSI 1- 8 bit, SCSI 2 -16 bit, SCSI 3 - 32 bit per second.
ix) Midi Port (Musical instrument data interface) : connect midi keyboard, musical port.
x) Fire ware port: transfer large amount of data at very fast, speed 400-800 megabit per second.
xi) LAN port: Connect to network.
xii) AT (Advance Technology)/Din 5 port: It is used connect AT Keyboard, 5 pin.
xiii) Game port: 15 pins.
xiv) Modem port: replace by USB port.
xv) Socket port: connect micro phone speaker to sound.
xvi) Rj-45 (Registered Jack): 8 pin, cat 5 cables.
xvii) RJ-11 port: used in phone cable.
xviii) Virtual port/ logical port: It it a number used in network.
Layout of Disk/Filing System:
1. FAT file system (File allocation Table) oldest : FAT 12 support by MS DOS 4.0 version and 8,3 file name.
2. NTFS (New Technology File System) latest : Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 support the NTFS file system.
Computer Software: The collection of instruction or logical components that instruct the hardware to perform specific task. E.g. DOS, Windows, MS word, excel tally etc.
Types of software: System Software and Application software
System Software: The software are dedicated to manage computer itself that is called system software. E.g. utility tool, DOS, Windows, Driver, language translator.
Application Software: A set of program that perform specific task/ activities for the user end user. E.g. word, excel tally, CAD etc.
Types of application system: Tailor and Package software
Tailor software: The software designed for single user needs requirements that is called tailor software. E.g. content management, bill management etc.
Package software: It is general purpose software for several/ multiple user/ to common requirements. E.g. word processing, presentation, database etc.
Computer Programming language:
1. Low level language: i) Machine level language/1GL/First generation language (0,1), ii) Assembly language (2GL/second generation language) symbolic/mnemonic code.
2. High level language: i) Procedure oriented language (3 GL) object oriented, ii) Non-procedure (problem) oriented language (4 GL), iii) Natural Language (5 GL).
Language Translator: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter.
Different ware suffix term:
a. Firmware: The code/instruction is written in ROM chip is called Firmware.
b. Live ware: Like human ware but work in online.
c. Shareware: The copyright act program available in internet.
d. Human ware: Human ware is a hardware and software that emphasized user capability and design the user interface.
e. Freeware: The proprietary software that is available for used no cost with full version.
f. people ware: A personal who design, program and maintain the computer equipment.
g. Malware: The malicious program that disturb computer operation gather their sensitive information E.g. Trojan horse.
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